Mythology

Roman Interiors – characteristic and evolution

To understand the art generally and the art of interior design as a part of art, and the place when the man is living, is to understand the man who creates it, to understand this man has to understand the environment which surrounds him.

Everything began in ancient Greece.

The main surroundings were mountains and sea, people who lived in polis – independent states. This land was placed where three civilization existed – Asian’s, Europe’s and African’s. After archaic period of Greece, between 750 – 500 BC, the social structure laid by Solon (638 – 558 BC, Athenian statesman and Lawmaker),  and thanks to one of the greatest military genius and great fighter the son’s of Philip of Macedon Alexander the Great (365 – 323 BC), the Greek begun first democratic country with capitol in Athens, which was recognized as a symbol of freedom, where art, philosophy, poetry and other kind of art was part of the live simple citizens as a part of Greek’s democracy and the home of the civilised world. Because Greek’s religion based on the myths, where gods were male and female, the ancient Greeks put main emphasis on living their lives. The human was the most important, his freedom was the principal and everything he was doing had improved and glorified his existence. ‘Domus’, thus the place where most of Greek’s citizens were living, were simple but cosy like oasis. Then Vitruvius (about 80 – about 15 BC, Roman architect, writer and engineer) wrote, in his book titled ‘The Ten Books on Architecture’, about, for example symmetry, proportions of the principal rooms or the proper exposure of the different rooms in ‘Book 6 about Private Houses’, and for example about stucco and fresco and artificial colours such as black, blue, burnt ochre or white lead and purple in ‘Book 7 about Finishes and Colours’. The Roman interiors continued the classical style created by Greeks. Despite of different types of Roman buildings, I would like to discuss elements which were the most common for them. The walls were painted in stucco or fresco like in other fourth styles knows as a Pompeian’s.

The First style ‘Incrustation’ (early 2nd Cent of BC) was imitating marble or oak,

The Second one ‘Architectural style’ (early 1st Cent of BC) – ‘extended’ the room with different perspective,

The Third one ‘Ornate style’ (end of 1st Cent of BC) framed the illusion’s images, and  The Fourth one ‘Intricate style’ (62 AD – 2nd Cent of AD) was full three – dimensional  and framed.

Another spectacular elements of Roman interiors were mosaics. This art consisted in small roughly shaped cubes (tesserae), circa 05 cm – 1,5 cm, put together in decorative patterns on the floors, which was called opus tessellatum or another one called opus vermiculatum and sometimes on the walls and the ceilings, like in Domus Aurea (AD 64). Materials used on it could be different, generally stone such us marble and sometimes glass. Colours and patterns depended on the period and Roman Provinces in which it was created, ranging from white and black to fully colourised.

To discus Roman interior we cannot disregard Roman sculpture as its part. All of them, portraits, statues and reliefs were Roman sculpture. Most of portraits and statues in most cases depicted Roman emperors, great citizens, members of emperor’s family or gods and sometimes animals. Carved in stone with great realism they had shown powerful Roman Empire in its celebrity and emperors. Painting of sculptures was common. Because Romans were first of all great fighters and conquests the most important thing was to tell story about this for eternal glory of the Empire. The best way to do this was relief. Thus sculptors, in the whole country were carving victories in war, their heroes on the walls in palaces, villas and temples, on the columns and on the sarcophaguses. Remarkable are also reliefs with secular themes and privet live of emperor’s family. To describe Roman interiors we cannot mention nothing about non – architectural elements such as vessels, pottery, metalwork, terracotta’s or glass. Roman’s vessels, in most cases made from silver, were always richly carved in reliefs with plenty of themes. In this type of objects we can account for plates, cups, dishes, bowls, and others. Another type of substantial objects constituted pottery with most utilitarian character. Depending on the period, place when it was made and manner of creating we can distinguish as follows: Arretine  – Arezzo ware, South Gaulish pottery, Campanian Pottery, red – gloss ware, eastern relief wares or glazed wares. Majority of them was decorated by painting, reliefs or both. Terracotta was used by the Romans widely, especially between 100 BC to 100 AD. As a part of architectural decorations in interiors terracotta was also used as panels, known as Campana reliefs, it depicted religious or mythological scenes. Very popular objects made from terracotta were different kinds of figures; other type of utilitarian articles were lamps. Finally, we have to mention glass’ items, because it was widely produced during all periods in many shapes, plenty of colours, as a decorative, and usable – common things. It is sufficient to analyse some quality objects below, from countless number of Roman glass, to understand how rich this art was.

Well, in total, despite meaningless of the furniture in its own right, even rich carved and decorated, made in most cases from wood, Roman interiors were full of different masterpieces and characteristic for the Empire pride and greatness

About the Author

Christopher Adach

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Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman Mythology $90 Greek and Roman mythology has fascinated people for more than two millennia, and its influence on cultures throughout Europe, America, North Africa, and the Middle East attests to the universal appeal of the stories. This title examines the best-known figures of Greek and Roman mythology together with the great works of classic literature.

Mythology $4.99 There has long been a need for the stories of ancient mythology written to appeal to the twentieth-century mind. Edith Hamilton’s orderly and lucid presentation of Greek, Roman and Norse mythology promises the casual reader and the avid student a sound, modern and adult key to the foundation stones of world literature. 497 pages.

Greek and Roman Mythology $19.99 Learn more about Greek and Roman Mythology with this comprehensive and fully illustrated book. Audience. Intended for everyone interested Greek and Roman Mythology. Written in plain English. Fully illustrated with maps, art, and photographs. Search for the words or phrases. Navigate from Table of Contents or read page by page. Add Bookmarks. Text annotation and mark-up. Access the guide anytime, anywhere – at home, on the train, in the subway. Always have the guide available for a quick reference. Table of Contents. Ancient Greece: Overview Art Greek Mythology Ancient Rome: Overview Religion Etruscan Mythology Art Roman Mythology Romulus and Remus. Greek Gods: Overview Twelve Olympians: Apollo Ares Artemis Aphrodite Athena Demeter Dionysus Hades Helios Hephaestus Hera Hermes Persephone Poseidon Hestia Hebe Zeus Primordial Gods. Greek Gods, Heros & Creatures: Asclepius Orpheus Achilles Pan Nymph Siren Prometheus Medea Muse Amazons Centaur Minotaur Gorgon Satyr Cyclops Titans. Roman Gods: Fortuna Faunus Jupiter Venus Ceres Neptune Cupid Diana Janus Juno Mars Mercury Minerva Pluto Saturn Vesta Vulcan Apollo Bacchus. Heracles: Overview Twelve Labours: Nemean Lion Ceryneian Hind Erymanthian Boar Augeas Stymphalian Birds Cretan Bull Mares of Diomedes Hippolyta Geryon Hesperides Cerberus Lernaean Hydra. Poems: Homeric Hymns Theogony Cyclops Iliad Odyssey Argonautica Medea.

Greek and Roman Mythology A to Z $54 According to many scholars, ancient Greece and Rome provided the foundations of Western culture. More than two millennia later, myths of both civilizations are still being studied for their rich storytelling and insight into the cultures that spawned them. This title illuminates the mythology at the core of those civilizations' beliefs.

A Companion to Greek Mythology $110 A Companion to Greek Mythology presents a series of essays that explore the phenomenon of Greek myth from its origins in shared Indo-European story patterns and the Greeks’ contacts with their Eastern Mediterranean neighbours through its development as a shared language and thought-system for the Greco-Roman world. Features essays from a prestigious international team of literary experts Includes coverage of Greek myth’s intersection with history, philosophy and religion Introduces readers to topics in mythology that are often inaccessible to non-specialists Addresses the Hellenistic and Roman periods as well as Archaic and Classical Greece

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The Dictionary of Classical Mythology $44.95 “”The Dictionary of Classical Mythology” is a unique companion to the ancient Greek and Roman myths and legends.”

Children’s Books on Ancient Greek and Roman Mythology $122 The classical heritage continues to impact modern culture in many ways. This bibliography lists and describes those books on Greek and Roman mythology from the mid-19th century to the present which are useful for introducing children to the classical world. The volume begins with a brief history of children's books on classical mythology in the United States. A chapter then discusses the various techniques through which classical myths were adapted for children. The annotated bibliography follows, with each entry including a critical annotation on how closely the work adheres to the original myth. Each entry also includes an indication of the grade level of each book. Indexes allow the user to locate sources according to title, illustrator, time period, myth, and subject.

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Mythology for Dummies $19.99 “Every culture and time has its myths. You might say that myths help us to understand people, since just like people they can be inspirational and beautiful, as well as cruel and violent. The main players in mythology are the original drama kings and queens — they hang themselves in shame, poke out their own eyes, rule cities, and marry their relatives — and the fun doesn’t stop there If you want all the scoop on gods and goddesses, fates and furies, monsters and heroes from around the world, “Mythology for Dummies” is the Who’s Who of mythological figures that you can’t do without. > It’s no secret that mythology can be confusing for anyone. From cultural hero Johnny Appleseed, to manly Odysseus, to femme fatale Aphrodite, and those pesky Cyclops running amuck on that faraway island, “Mythology for Dummies” covers all the bases, including information on: Greek mythology Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey Roman mythology Virgil’s Aeneid Beowulf Non-European mythology > Also, this book will get you up to speed on the heavy stuff–like how mythology intersects with our lives, and explores the meaning of existence. Organized into chapters on specific topics, it breaks down the common types of myths and mythological figures, and offers plain-English explanations of how myths have appeared in cultures throughout the ages. You’ll find what you need to know on these topics and many more: What makes myths different from legends and fairy tales Greek creation myths and those really ancient Greek Gods The Olympian Gods (taller, younger, and better looking than you) The Greek goddesses (the fairest and the meanest of them all) Heroes — made, born, and re-born Mythological places from Elysium Fields, to Atlantis, and Xanadu Roman religion — how it was begged, borrowed, and stolen You’ll also enjoy helpful features like charts comparing major figures, and a tear-out tip-sheet with a timeline of world civilizations. Whether you want to dabble in the wonders of mythology or get serious, “Mythology for Dummies” will demystify the subject, and show you how important myths can be to a culture. You’ll never say, “It’s “only” a myth” again”

Mythology For Dummies $14.99 Every culture and time has its myths. You might say that myths help us to understand people, since just like people they can be inspirational and beautiful, as well as cruel and violent. The main players in mythology are the original drama kings and queens — they hang themselves in shame, poke out their own eyes, rule cities, and marry their relatives — and the fun doesn’t stop there! If you want all the scoop on gods and goddesses, fates and furies, monsters and heroes from around the world, Mythology for Dummies is the Who’s Who of mythological figures that you can’t do without. It’s no secret that mythology can be confusing for anyone. From cultural hero Johnny Appleseed, to manly Odysseus, to femme fatale Aphrodite, and those pesky Cyclops running amuck on that faraway island, Mythology for Dummies covers all the bases, including information on: Greek mythology Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey Roman mythology Virgil’s Aeneid Beowulf Non-European mythology Also, this book will get you up to speed on the heavy stuff—like how mythology intersects with our lives, and explores the meaning of existence. Organized into chapters on specific topics, it breaks down the common types of myths and mythological figures, and offers plain-English explanations of how myths have appeared in cultures throughout the ages. You’ll find what you need to know on these topics and many more: What makes myths different from legends and fairy tales Greek creation myths and those really ancient Greek Gods The Olympian Gods (taller, younger, and better looking than you) The Greek goddesses (the fairest and the meanest of them all) Heroes — made, born, and re-born Mythological places from Elysium Fields, to Atlantis, and Xanadu Roman religion — how it was begged, borrowed, and stolen You’ll also enjoy helpful features like charts comparing major figures, and a tear-out tip-sheet with a timeline of world civilizations. Whether you want to dabble in the wonders of mythology or get serious, Mythology for Dummies will demystify the subject, and show you how important myths can be to a culture. You’ll never say, “It’s only a myth” again!

Who’s Who in Classical Mythology $10.82 The most complete and detailed reference book of its kind, Who’s Who in Classical Mythology contains over 1200 extensive entries, covering both Greek and Roman characters.

CliffsNotes Mythology $6.99 The original CliffsNotes study guides offer expert commentary on major themes, plots, characters, literary devices, and historical background. In CliffsNotes on Mythology, you’ll review the myths from seven different cultures and gain an overview of the stories that people have lived by from ancient times to the present. The gods and their stories depict life’s lessons and personal relationships and present a moral code of human conduct. These stories are also a map to understanding history. This CliffsNotes guide covers Egyptian, Babylonian, Indian, Greek, Roman, and Norse mythologies, as well as the Arthurian legends. Features that help you figure out these important works include An introduction to mythology The main gods of various cultures Review questions Recommended readings Genealogical tables of major gods Classic literature or modern-day treasure — you’ll understand it all with expert information and insight from CliffsNotes study guides.

Bulfinch’s Mythology $7.99 For almost a century and a half, Bulfinch’s Mythology has been the text by which the great tales of the gods and goddesses, Greek and Roman antiquity, Scandinavian, Celtic, and Oriental fables and myths, and the age of chivalry have been known. The forerunner of such interpreters as Edith Hamilton and Robert Graves, Thomas Bulfinch wanted to make these stories available to the general reader. A series of private notes to himself grew into one of the single most useful and concise guides to literature and mythology. The stories are divided into three sections: The Age of Fable or Stories of Gods and Heroes (first published in 1855); The Age of Chivalry (1858), which contains King Arthur and His Knights, The Mabinogeon, and The Knights of English History; and The Legends of Charlemagne or The Romance of the Middle Ages (1863). For the Greek myths, Bulfinch drew on Ovid and Virgil, and for the sagas of the north, from Mallet’s Northern Antiquities. provides lively versions of the myths of Zeus and Hera, Venus and Adonis, Daphne and Apollo, and their cohorts on Mount Olympus; the love story of Pygmalion and Galatea; the legends of the Trojan War and the epic wanderings of Ulysses and Aeneas; the joys of Valhalla and the furies of Thor; and the tales of Beowulf and Robin Hood.

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The Friendly Guide to Mythology $14.99 How was the world as we know it created? What does it mean to be a hero? Where do we go when we die? Why are flood myths so ubiquitous? Anyone who has pondered these and other questions about humanity’s ancient beliefs will be fascinated by The Friendly Guide to Mythology . Focusing on Greek and Roman mythology but including myths from Africa, Asia, Australia, northern Europe, and the Americas, The Friendly Guide to Mythology is filled with compelling stories of gods, goddesses, mortals, and monsters. Beautifully ornamented with photos, line drawings, and quotes, this entertaining guide also includes an A-to-Z listing of the world’s most captivating goddesses; profiles of famous writers, collectors, and interpreters of myths; and engaging sidebars. Featuring myths of love, wisdom, and adventure as well as those of violence, jealousy, and pure folly, this accessible collection offers fascinating insight into the human psyche and brings our rich mythological heritage delightfully into focus.

The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Classical Mythology $13.99 You’re no idiot, of course. You can find Greece on a map, know that Kevin Sorbo stars as Hercules on TV, and have heard of Freud’s Oedipus theory. But when it comes to classical mythology, you feel like you’ve been foiled by the gods. Don’t curse Zeus yet! The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Classical Mythology has all you need for a working knowledge of the timeless world of Greek and Roman myths.

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Mythology of Greece and Rome $7.99 In this volume, the ancient mythologies of Greece and Rome are brought to life. Combined with 200 images, including superb fine art paintings of the classic stories, this evocative and detailed encyclopedia of the fabulous myths and legends of the Greek and Roman people will provide the perfect introduction to this fascinating subject. For maximum accessibility, the encyclopedia is structured as an alphabetical A-Z, detailing sites of interest, characters, significant events, stories and symbols. Together these entries create a clear and comprehensive Who’s Who of classical mythology. The myths of the Classical world have inspired generations of painters and poets and this encyclopedia is illustrated with a wealth of imagery spanning fifteen centuries. Pictorial features also focus on important and recurring mythological themes, such as Lovers of Zeus, Oracles and Prophecies, Voyagers, Monsters and Fabulous Beasts, and others.

Handbook of Greek Mythology $19.16 In this new and substantially revised edition of H. J. Rose’s classic survey and analysis of the evolution and tradition of Greek myth, Robin Hard adds various features which bring the work up-to-date with contemporary scholarship and address the needs of students. * a new preface analysing and contextualising H. J. Rose’s attitude to myth * a new chapter devoted to the epic and other poetic sources of the myths, narrative prose mythography and the various forms of rationalisation * a new chapter examining the relationship between the different myths of Gods and heroes, with genealogical tables. Robin Hard shows how the myths of individual families and distinct locations hold together to form a coherent pseudo-historical pattern * extensively revises and simplifies notes * a new annotated bibliography. A Handbook of Greek Mythology presents a invaluable and user-friendly guide to the myths and legends of ancient Greece – their genesis, sources, development and significance.

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